PSG has now claimed the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic equaliser followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The Champions League holders seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
However, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. Initially, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the final seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for PSG to complete a 4-1 penalty win.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the past 13 years.